
Mi 



5 



THE CENTRAL 



Rio Grande Valley 



OF 



NEW MEXICO 



An Irrigated District of Unsurpassed Fertility 

Offering Exceptional Opportunities to 

the Farmer, Truck Gardener, Fruit 

Grower and Investor 



With a Brief Sketch of Development, Conditions, Climate and 
Vast Natural Resources of the Counties of 

Bernalillo, Sandoval, Valencia 




By H. B. HENING 

By Authority of the Bureau of Immigration 

of New Mexico 

1908 



THE CENTRAL 

Rio Grande Valley 



OF 



NEW MEXICO 



With a Sketch of the Counties of Bernalillo, Sandoval and Valencia 

A Magnificent Empire of 10,000 Square Miles, Rich 

Beyond Estimate in Natural Resources 



By H. B. H EN I N G 
By Authority of the New Mexico Bureau of Immigration 

1908 



Within These Three Counties Are Found: 

The Central Rio Grande Valley, destined to become one of the 
foremost irrigated farming, fruit growing and trucking 
districts in the world ; with thousands of acres of land 
subject to irrigation. 

The Cit}^ of Albuquercjue, the chief consuming and distributing 
market of the southwest, where every pound of fruit, grain 
and produce may be readily disposed of. 

Hundreds of thousands of acres of public land subject to home- 
stead and desert entry. 

A grazing area supporting hundreds of thousands of livestock. 

Mining districts giving promise of untold wealth and offering- 
alluring inducement to prospector and investor. 

The finest and most healthful climate under the sky; adequate 
sanitaria, pleasant health resorts, hot and mineral springs 
of recognized therapeutic value. 

Occupation, Opportunity and Homes for all who come. 



For further information about the Central Rio Grande Valley or any section 
of New Mexico, address the Secretary of the Bureau of Immigration, 
Albuquerque, New Mexico. 







i 




JUM 2£ 1910 



DURING THE PAST TWO YEARS New Mexico has 
enjoyed a period of unprecedented development. Pop- 
ulation has increased more than 100,000 and with it has 
come an enormous and constantly growing demand for land, 
irrigated and non-irrigated; and for information about the 
land. National irrigation projects in New Mexico have drawn 
world-wide attention to the marvelous fertility of the irrigated 
districts and an accompanying demand for information about 
these districts, of which the Central Rio 
Introduction Grande Valley, within the three counties 
of Bernalillo, Sandoval and Valencia, is 
one. Development in this central valley has kept pace with the 
rest of New Mexico. Demand for land is great ; demand for in- 
formation is greater. The purpose of this book is to furnish 
accurate, carefully verified, conservatively stated information 
about this valley, so that the man who is looking here for farm, 
orchard, occupation, home or health, may, after reading this 
book, know conditions as he will find them. Included is a 
necessarily brief outline of development, conditions and the vast 
natural resources of the magnificent empire of 10,000 square 
miles, outside the immediate valley of the Rio Grande, yet 
within the boundaries of the three counties. 

In preparing this information the writer has to acknowl- 
edge gratefully, assistance from many of the successful farmers 
of the valley and from citizens in each of the three counties 
whose number is too great for individual reference. 




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The Central Rio Grande Valley 

Location, Area and Development 

HE RIO GRANDE, upon entering New Mexico 
from Colorado flows for many miles through a 
series of deep canyons, with high, precipitous walls 
allowing no opportunity for the diversion of its 
waters for irrigation purposes. Near the town of 
Espanola, north of Santa Fe, the valley widens for 
a short distance to form the Espanola valley. 
Thereafter it enters White Rock Canyon to emerge 
in eastern Sandoval county into a broad level val- 
ley, varying in width from one to six miles and 
continuing thus across the southeastern corner of 
Sandoval county, through the center of Bernalillo 
county and across the eastern section of Valencia county. This district, 
from White Rock Canyon to a point considerably below the southern 
boundary of Valencia county is known as the Central Rio Grande Valley. 
one of the most fertile irrigated districts in the world and destined to be- 
come one of the world's most productive areas. 

The Rio Grande has been called the Nile of America, and the region 
along its course in Central New Mexico bears a striking resemblance in 
scenery, topography and to a certain extent, in conditions to the valley of 
the Nile. Many interesting volumes could be written of the topography, 
the geology, the climate and the magnificent scenery of this region. They 
are worthy of all the attention that can be given. From the high mesas 
or table lands which shield the valley on either side like protecting 
walls, may be seen with the naked eye the towering peaks of whole 
groups of mighty mountain ranges, ten, thirty, fifty and even eighty 
miles away; while but a little distance to the east, shadowing the valley 
for four-fifths of its length, rise the picturesque Sandia and Manzano 
ranges, rugged and colorful, presenting an ever changing panorama of 
lights and shadows as the few fleecy clouds of the land of sunshine float 



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The Bio Grande at Barelas Bridge — Albuquerqiie 



THE CENTRAL RIO GRANDE VALLEY 




Albuquerque in 1881 



above them. In winter these mountains are snow capped, but they pro- 
tect the valley below from the driving cold of the east winds, while in 
summer a constant, cooling breeze comes from their slopes rendering 
more pleasant a temperature never sufficiently warm to cause discomfort. 
The eastern slopes of the Sandia range expose the mighty record of half 
a dozen geologic ages, lending light to the story of the formation of the 
fertile valley, a valley with a soil so deep that drills punching holes a 
hundred, five hundred and a thousand feet deep have thus far failed to 
find a rock to mark its bottom. 

The location and area of the Central Rio Grande Valley and of the 
region immediately adjacent may be readily traced upon the maps ac- 
companying. 

Within the Central Rio Grande Valley, from White Rock Canyon to 
the southern boundary of Valencia county is a total area subject to ir- 
rigation from the Rio Grande of 120,000 acres. Of this area, forming 

one of the largest irrigated districts in the world, 
LAND SUBJECT- probably 100,000 acres are now under ditch 
TO IRRIGATION (irrigation canals now in use), while of the area 

under ditch but about 6,000 acres are in actual 
cultivation. Approximately a fifty per cent increase in the area under 
actual cultivation will occur within the next twelve months, through ex- 
tensions of the present irrigation system and construction of new canals. 

Approximately 20,000 acres within the Central Valley are included in 
the boundaries of Pueblo Indian land grants, under control of the United 
States for the Indians and not subject to sale or lease. This area alone is 
greater than the entire Riverside district of California, and while not 
now available for the farmer a portion of it must eventually be thrown 
open for development, the Indians finding a very small portion of the 
vast tract of fertile land held for them sufficient for their energies and 
needs. Eventually the major portion of this land will become available 
for American farmers, but in the meantime h(pre is a vast area now ready 
to be turned into profitable farm and orchard lands, offering unusual 



THE CENTRAL RIO GRANDE VALLEY 



opportunities for development and investment and with a dependable 
water supply from the Rio Grande sufficient to irrigate every acre m the 
valley which can be reached by gravity canals. 

When it is considered that the entire area of the lands described- is 
immediately adjacent to the city of Albuquerque, the largest consuming 
and distributing market between Denver and Los Angeles and when the 
known and proven productivity of the soil and the certamty of the 
yield are recalled, the prices now being obtained for these lands are 
marvellously low, ranging as they do from $25 to $100 per acre for land 
not under ditch and from $75 to $350 an acre for land under n-rigation. 

depending, of course, upon location as to market, 
PRICES OF LAND improvements, and the usual conditions govern- 
ing the price of similarly located lands. Of the 
ready market of the Central Rio Grande Valley more will be said. It is 
sufficient now to say that country road building is epidemic through the 
recrion Good bridges span the Rio Grande at frequent intervals giving 
r-ady access to the lands west of the river, while the county of Bernalillo 
is about to expend $100,000 in the construction of two additional bridges. 
Recent extensions of the railroads reaching Albuquerque give an im- 
mediate outlet for freight and express east, we,t. north and south, with 
an eager demand for Central Rio Grande Valley products m all 
directions. 

A considerable portion of the area now under cultivation in the 

Central Rio Grande Valley was being successfully tilled before the 

Fathers landed on Plymouth Rock. Every record stands to prove that 

it had been cultivated for ages prior to that date, 

THE IRRIGATION for when the first daring Spanish Conquestadores 

QYQTFM pushed their treasure seeking way north into what 

^ is now New Mexico they found the Pueblo, or 

village Indians growing their scanty crops by irrigation, leading the 

water from the Rio Grande through crude canals. Thus the Rio Grande 

Valley seems fully justified in claiming title as the Cradle of Irrigation in 

America. The claim of many scientists that irrigation in this valley 

antedated irrigation in the Valley 

of the Nile furnishes an interesting 




Ellu' Theater 



Colombo Theater, Albuquerque 



THE CENTRAL RIO GRANDE VALLEY 





A Typical Central Valley Alfalfa Farm 



fleld for speculation. It 
is enough for the mod- 
ern American farmer, 
who is now invading 
this valley in con- 
stantly increasing num- 
bers, that, if possible, 
the land is more fertile 
now than when "Coro- 
nado discovered the 
primitive Indian farm- 
ers; that essentially 
the same irrigation sys- 
tem in use then is in 
use now, although en- 
larged and extended, and that the opportunities for profitable develop- 
ment are therefore great. 

Irrigation in the Central Valley is by the community ditch system by 
which farmers owning adjoining lands associate themselves together 
for the construction of an irrigation canal for their common use. Shares 
of water are divided in proportion to the amount of land held by each 
for irrigation and the land owner contributes his porportion in labor 
or money toward the maintenance of the canal, its cleaning, repairing 
and the incidental expenses attached. The water right thus acquired 
goes with the land and is perpetual as any other improvement. Water 
rights, of course, may be divided, transferred or sold separately from the 
land, or attached to other lands by deed or transfer. The actual cost 
per acre for maintenance and use of water on these community ditches 
varies between communities and also according to whether the land 
owner desires to contribute his proportion in money, or in labor on the 
ditch. The charge, in any event, is extremely low as compared to 
irrigation charges in most of the more modern irrigated districts, varying 
from 75 cents to $3.00 per acre per year. 

There are many of these community ditches along the Rio Grande 



THE CENTRAL RIO GRANDE VALLEY 




Albuquerque Commercial Club 

each one being governed by a board of acequia or ditch commissioners, 
consisting of three members and a Mayor Domo, or canal superintendent, 
the four being elected annually by the members of the comunity. at the 
ditch, or acequia election. These elections are always friendly and the 
canal superintendent is always nominated with a view to his ability to 
make his canal give best service. There is much room for improvement 
in the present system, in straightening canals and stopping waste of 
water, but the community ditch never fails to get the water to the land 
and it is doubtful if the modern system has yet been found winch can 
get the water to the land more cheaply. In any irrigated district, how- 
ever, economy in the use of water is essential to expansion and the 
irrigation system in th'is valley must be and is even now being improved 
and modernized. This will come quickly with the rapidly increasing 
population of American farmers who, not content with the slipshod 
methods inherited from the Indians, are seeking to bring every acre to 
the fullest degree of productivity. Already one large irrigation canal on 
modern lines ts completed near Los Lunas, which will add 5,000 acres to 
the irrigated area, while other important systems are proposed for imme- 
diate construction. 

Eventually the National Reclamation Service will make use of the 
ideal storage reservoir site offered by the high walls of White Rock 
Canyon at the head of the valley. Surveys have been made and stream 
measurements are now being recorded with a view to the future con- 
struction of the project, which, when it comes, will replace all of the old 
comunity canals and irrigate every acre of land within the valley. Mean- 
while the old system serves its purpose well, delivers to the lands under 



10 The central RIO GRANDE VALLEY 

ditch an abundant and dependable water supply and at a cost that is in- 
finitesmal when the abundance and value of the crops produced are 
considered. Without a single extension of the present canals the 
Central Rio Grande Valley can and will be brought to the highest 
state of cultivation. Modern methods and improvements are merely 
serving to increase efficiency and extend the area. 

The Rio Grande is essentially a torrential, or flood water stream. 
From the mouth of White Rock Canyon south through New Mexico it 
possesses all the characteristics of a typical desert stream, having its 
flood time and its period of low water. Fortu- 
WATER SUPPLY nately, however, there is always an abundant sup- 
ply of water for irrigation during the growing 
season. The vast snow drifts which pile up in the Rio Grande's enormous 
watershed during the winter, melt gradually during the spring and 
early summer, maintaining* a large volume of water until practically all 
crops are matured. Recent expenditure of large sums in dyke con- 
struction has averted all danger of floods which in past years have done 
some damage to lands immediately adjacent to the river during the 
spring freshets. 

Another source of water supply in this valley, which will eventually 
become an impca'tant adjunct to the gravity irrigation canals, is by 
means of pumping from the underflow. A very large portion of the 
flow of the Rio Grande passes through the loose sand strata beneath its 
bed. Water is encountered at from seven to ten feet throughout prac- 
tically the whole of the valley and while at times the water in the river 
may be very low there has never been any noticeable diminution of the 
volume of this underflow, which is encountered in the successive water 
strata at depths from seven to one thousand fleet, the latter being the 
greatest depth to which drilling has been done. A number of pumping 
plants are now in operation, the water being raised by windmills or small 
gasoline pumps, inexpensive of operation. The water is stored in small 
reservoirs, also easy and inexpensive of construction. By this means a 
very large area upon higher levels, not to be reached by gravity canals 
will eventually be brought under cultivation. The extensive market gar- 
dens of Herman Bleuher, one of the most successful truck farms near 
A11:)uquerque, is irrigated from a reservoir thus supplied. 



stock Vards at Albuqueriiue 



What the Land Will Produce 




world 
world 



The Large and Certain Profits from Intensive Cultivation 

HERE IS NO CLAIM -of the miraculous made 
for the Central Rio Grande Valley. Here as else- 
where the best results are to be obtained only by 
hard work, intelligently applied. It is claimed for 
this valley, however, that with industry and intelli- 
gence, the soil will give returns as great, if not 
greater than in any other irrigated district in the 
It is now fulfv recognized that the most productive land in the 
wor.u is irrigated land. Irrigation gives the enormous advantage of 
absolute certainty of the crop when properly planted and cared for. i he 
farmer in an irrigated district is wholly independent of conditions ot 
flood rainfall or drouth which play so large and so uncertain a part m 
the calculations of the farmer in the rain belt. If the ram falls on an 
irrio-ated farm, so much the better. If it does not fall there is always 
the^'irigation canal, much better than the rainfall, because the exact 
quantity of water needed to mature any given crop, may be applied at 
will. 

The Irrigated farm requires more careful attention than non-irrigated 
land. Care and time and intelligence are required in planting and m 
applving the water, and as a result the farmer in an irrigated district 
usually ^confines his energies to a small tract, depending for his revenue 
upon intensive cultivation, larger yield, and the certainty of the crop. 
An irrigated farm of ten acres in this valley under intensive cultivation 
and with carefullv selected crops will produce a revenue greater than 
can possibly be obtained from 160 acres planted to gram or other field 
crops in the rain belt. Planted to orchard, or producing-^ melons or 
truck, ten acres of this land may be made to produce a substantial in- 
come and in the end a moderate fortune. Farms in this valley usually 
range from ten to forty acres; seldom more than forty. A few large 
planters of alfalfa, onions, melons,, 
ect.. cultivate larger tracts, a very 
few using more than 200 acres. 
This, however, is irrigated farming 
on a large scale and requires the out- 
lay of considerable capital. The 
farmer cultivating a small tract 
makes his profit in proportion to his 
acres and his industry and the men 
who are getting the largest annual 
returns from valley farms are those 
p-ivine their attention to twenty 
acres or less. 




A Typical Central Valley 
Truck Garden 



12 



THE CENTRAL RIO GRANDE VALLEY 




Mann Brothers Market Gardens, Albuquerque, Plant of the 
American Lumber Company in .Distance 

Of fmni ^R nm7"^^lP'mn''^'' ^^''^'''' ^' Albuquerque have incomes 
Lch hnl '? t 1 r f ^,^'^00 a year while two small farms of seven acres 
each, both established less than three years ago, within f^ve miles of 
Albuquerque, are now producing $2,000 net each, per year. The visitor 
to this valley may, within a drive of three miles through the valley from 
Albuquerque be shown farms of from 2y, to 10 acresfeach producing a 
comfortable mcome. piuuuL.ui^^ a 

The climate of the Rio Grande Valley is ideal for the successful 
growing of all f^eld and truck crops. The spring is early and sub e to 
few severe changes of temperature, while the growing and matur ng of 
crops is in no danger from killing frosts until November. ^ 

h.^r^Ki''''^ r^i ^^'' '^''".^^. '' "'^' ^"^ '° ^^^P ^s to be practically inex- 
haustable, while it is being renewed and fertilized constantly by the 
deposits of silt carried in suspension in the irrigation water, 'its com- 

niMATF AMn Qnil P°':^^°"/^ ^^°"^ ^dobe (soil which is very 
ULMVIAIt AIMD SOIL sticky when wet and which bakes very hard 

Tfc .A .-KT. . • ^'i^''^" ^^^^ t° ^^^^' ^^^y ^oam and sandy loam. 

Its adaptibihty to practically all crops grown in the temperate zone has 
been demonstrated. There are, however, a few exceptions and the 
armer who is beginning in this valley should bear in mind that much 
depends upon die care and judgment used in selecting his crops A 
tew crops which while doing well in other sections are total failures 
here, while crops which fail utterly elsewhere are among the most 
va uable crops here. Irish potatoes do not do well in this valley and it is 
only occasionally that a fair crop can be produced. Sweet potatoes on 



The CENTRAI, RIO GRANDE VAIvLEY 



13 



the other hand, produce in abundance and quality quite unsurpassed. 
The soil is generally easy to cultivate after the farmer has become ac- 
customed to the needs of irrigated land. 

The principal field crop in the Central Rio Grande Valley at present 
is alfalfa; and it is likely to continue so because it is the easiest crop 
to grow and care for, while the profits are large and sure. The mere 

amateur at farming may make a success of alfalfa 
BIG PROFITS growing. Once planted and a stand secured the 

FROM ALFALFA ^^f^l^^ fi^ld does not have to be resown. Its roots 

drive deep until they reach moisture level below 
and from that time the plant derives the chief portion of its water supply 
from below. Comparatively little irrigation is necessary although the 
water must be applied frequently as each crop, or cutting comes on. 
There are alfalfa fields within a few minutes walk of Albuquerque and all 
through this valley, planted a quarter of a century ago, which have 
never been reseeded and which are producing more abundantly now than 
during the first five years. Properly cared for the plant is practically 
perpetual. 




A Typical Irrigation Ditch 



THE CENTRAI. RIO GRANDE VALLEY 




Bleuher Market Gardens, Albuquerque 



In this valley alfalfa produces always four cuttings, often five, and 
in rare instances or specially cared for fields, six cuttings in a season. 
Each cutting from a fair stand produces three-fourths of a ton to two 
tons per acre, or as a comparative estimate, six tons per season, per acre. 

Alfalfa costs from $2.50 to $5.00 per acre per season to grow and 
harvest, including all expenses for water, cutting, etc., with an added 
charge of from $1.00 to $1.50 per ton for baling. Obviously the large 
grower, with his own baling machinery and better equipment, can load 
his alfalfa on the cars cheaper than the man whose crop is limited to 
an acr^ or so. But the profit of the small grower is satisfyingly large. 

ALFALFA SELLS AT CUTTING AT FROM $10 to $12.50 
per ton STORED UNTIL THE WINTER SEASON IT SELLS 
READILY AT $14 to $16 per ton. THE AVERAGE ALL YEAR 
PRICE IN THIS VALLEY IS $13.50 per ton. 

A NET PROFIT OF $60 per acre per season from alfalfa is not 
unusual, while a net profit of $40 per acre, if properly cared for, is sure. 



THE CENTRAL RIO GRANDE VAELEY 



15 



Wheat is one of the principal field crops and the area planted is be- 
ing rapidly extended. The market is ready and top prices are always 
paid. Flour mills are located at Bernalillo, in Sandoval county, two at 
Albuquerque, and at Belen, Los Lunas and Peralta 
WHEAT, CORN, in Valencia county. Wheat is well adapted to the 
OATS ETC ^^^^' ^^^y ^° grow and giving a good yield, thirty- 

five bushels to the acre being a fair average. Corn, 
requiring more care tln'ough a longer season, has not thus far been 
given much attention. Oats, barley and rye do exceptionally well, giv- 
ing large yields and bringing high prices. There will be a great ex- 
tension of the area given these crops when the productivity becomes 
more generally known. 

The soil and climate of this valley are ideal for the culture of a 
suo-ar beet giving a high percentage of saccharine matter. Careful 
analyses prove that the beets grown in this valley give from 18 to 20 
per cent saccharine matter, or from two to four per cent better than the 
best beet grown in the Arkansas valley region of Colorado. The first 
extensive experiment in sugar beet culture in this val- 
SUGAR BEETS l^y is being made this season with fifty-two farmers 
associated in the cultivation of 7^ acres in the vicinity 
of Albuquerque. The average yield here is twenty tons to the acre 
and the average price on the cars $4 per ton, or $80 per acre gross. The 
cost of producing varies from $18 to $25 per acre, giving an average net 
profit of $60 per acre. The entire season's crop has been contracted for 
by sugar manufacturers of Holly, Colorado, who agree, in the event of 
the success of the crop, to establish a sugar factory at Albuquerque to care 

for the beet crop of the Central Valley. 

Onions flourish as a field crop in this valley and are receiving at- 
tention from large planters who are finding them money makers. The 
Spanish onion, having an exceptionally fine flavor and at- 
ONIONS taining good 
size, is the 

favorite crop, although 

the Bermudas and fancy 

grades also do well. 

Onions will yield, with 

careful cutlivation, an 

average of 30,000 

pounds to the acre, and 

comparatively little cul- 
tivation is needed after 

the crop is well started. 

The 1907 onion crop in 

this valley sold at an 

average of $2.50 per 

100 pounds. The 1903 




Fifty Dollars Worth of Garden Truck — the Regular 
MominK Crop of the Bleuber Gardens 



16 THE CENTRAL RIO GRANDE VALLEY 




In Bear Canyon, Sandla Mountains. East of Albuquerque 

crop will bring about the same price, growers finding a net profit of 
from $500 to $750 per acre. 

If the profits from Alfalfa, onions, beets and other field crops are 
large, they are completely overshadowed by the earnings from truck 
gardening. Several of the largest incomes in New Mexico today are 

enjoyed by men who own truck gardens in 
TRUCK GARDENING the vicinity of Albuquerque. The ready mar- 
ket, so absolutely essential in trucking, is found 
in Albuquerque and in the constantly growing demands of the cities and 
towns along the Santa Fe railroad north, south, east and west. There is 
a ready market, at high prices, for every pound of truck that can be 
grown in this valley. 

Melons are grown extensively by a few gardners for the local and 
immediate southwestern market. Cantaloupes will not become a large 
shipping crop immediately owing to the competition of the established 
Rocky Ford district where the crop ripens at about the same time. The 
local demand, however,' is enormous and the acreage could be doubled 
many times without crowding the market, while the flavor of the melon 
grown here is quite the equal of the Rocky Ford or Brawley product. 

The same conditions are true of watermelons, which produce abim- 
dantly and in exceptional quality. 

Celery is one of the prize truck crops. The plant produced here by 
the Blueher and the Mann Brothers gardens is acknowledged to be 
superior to the best Michigan product and celery from these gardens 
is supplied to the Harvey eating house system from Chicago to San 
Francisco upon yearl}'- contract while it is eagerly sought by the markets 
of Denver and Los Angeles. 

Tomatoes, cabbages, cauliflower, beans, carrots, parsnips, turnips, all 
produce abundantly and find ready markets while the small table ve^eta- 



THE CENTRAL RIO GRANDE VALLEY 



17 



bles are produced all year round, one especially equipped truck gardener 
selling an average of thirty dozen bunches each of lettuce, onions and 
radishes per day, every day in the year. 

Asparagus is one of the special crops which produce large profits. 
It has been demonstrated that asparagus can be made to produce $1,000 
per acre net, in this valley. 

Aside from a few large and very profitable orchards fruit growing 
has not been developed to any considerable extent in this valley. There 
are large orchards near Bernalillo, Albuquerque, Los Lunas and Belen 

the profits from which have demonstrated 
APPLES, PEACHES, the tremendous commercial possibilities of 

PEARS GRAPES ETC ^^^^ fruit growing industry. These profits 

have attracted notice and the industry is now 
receiving a great deal of attention. The next few years will bring many 
young orchards into bearing and within five years fruit gro\ying on a 
large scale will have been fully established. The opportunities for large 
returns are very attractive. 

As elsewhere in New Mexico the apple is the chief fruit crop. A 
dozen of the better known standard varieties flourish here and the yield in 
ordinary years is large, some thinning usually being necessary. The 
fruit may be sold on the trees if desired. The market, particularly for 
winter apples, is dependable. 

Peaches, while not so dependable a crop as apples, because of the 
light spring frosts which sometimes catch the early blooming varieties, 
produce .abundantly and a fruit which is unsurpassed in size, coloring 
and flavor. The Rio Grande Valley peach is in great demand. 

Pears do splendidly. The trees are long lived, come into bearing 
quickly, and produce large crops of fine fruit. Apricots also grow finely 
in all parts of the valley. The small fruit grown by the Pueblo Indians 

is a delicious 
fruit and with 
the proper care 
which is now 
being given it 
by some grow- 
ers is improv- 
ing both in size 
and flavor. 
Plums do well, 
the crop from 
the so - called 
native trees be- 
i n g abundant 
and in demand 
for preserving. 

Last, but by 

Public Librar.v, Albu«!uer(ine 130 mcanS Icast 




18 



THE CENTRAL RIO GRANDE VALLEY 




Fred Har\ey Indian Building 



in the list of impor- 
tant horticulture pro- 
ducts is the grape. 
Around Bernalillo 
and in the vicinity of 
Belen and Los Lunas 
are large vineyards 
which produce boun- 
tifully and almost 
without record of a 
failure. Grape grow- 
ing was introduced 
iu this valley by the 
early Spanish Mis- 
sionaries, the taste- 
ful mission grape 
deriving its name 
from the mission 
fathers who first planted it. This grape is a splendid table variety and 
is very popular. The so-called California varieties also flourish although 
they are not extensively grown as yet. The culture is all on the stump 
system and the yield from old bearing plants is from 30 to 50 pounds 
to the plant. Six hundred or more vines may be planted to the acre. 
The grapes now grown are chiefly mid-season varieties and the shipping 
season is therefore short. With the introduction of earlier and later 
ripening varieties the season will be extended and the profits increased. 
The growing of small fruits, strawberries, blackberries, etc., has not 
been undertaken on an extensive scale as yet, although all experiments 
thus far have proven successful. 

Flower culture offers a profitable and pleasing field in this valley. 
Several successful hot houses and green houses are being conducted 
although these are not able to supply even the local demand for cut 
flowers and potted plants. The growing of roses and all the familiar 
garden flowers is easy and in Albuquerque many of the homes on the 
older residence streets are framed in luxuriant climbing roses and 
decorative vines and surrounded by handsome lawnis and attractive 
flower gardens. By proper attention to seeding flowers may be had 
in the garden from the first days of spring until late in November. 

The following figures give a few actual results which have been 
accomplished in tlie Central Rio Grande Valley from the field and truck 

garden. They are carefully compiled* 
SOME ACTUAL RESULTS from statements by reliable farmers and 
IN DOLLARS gardeners and may be easily verified: 

Alfalfa — Average yield per acre per 
season, 6 tons. Cost of production per acre per season, $5. Average sell- 
ing price, per ton. $13. Cost of baling, per ton, $1.50. Average net 
profit per acre per season, $54.00. 



THE CENTRAL RIO GRANDE VALLEY 



19 



Sugar Beets— Average yield per acre, 20 tons. Average selling 
price, $4 per ton. Average cost of production per acre, $20. Net profit, 
per acre, $60.00. 

Cantaloupes — Average yield per acre, 300 crates. Average selling 
price per crate, $1.50. Average cost of production, per acre, $100. Net 
profit per acre, $350.00. 

Watermelons — Average yield per acre, 40,000 pounds. Average 
selling price $1.00 per one hundred pounds. Cost of production $100 
per acre. Net profit, per acre, $300.00. 

Tomatoes. — Yield an average of 20,000 pounds of marketable 
tomatoes to the acre. Average selling price 5 cents per pound, for a 
six weeks season. Cost of production about $200 per acre. Average 
net profit per acre $800.00. 

Asparagus — From an acre and a half the Bleuher gardens at 
Albuquerque cut 30 dozen bunches of marketable asparagus per day. 
The average selling price is 50 cents per dozen bunches. The tract pro- 
duces an average of 2,100 dozen bunches per season, or $1,050. The 
cost of production is about $150 per season. A net profit of $900 from 
the acre and a half. Several other smaller asparagus beds near Albu- 
querque produce proportionate results. 

Celery — The Bleuher gardens at Albuquerque plant 30.000 plants 
to the acre from which is produced a season average of 3,700 dozen 
bunches at 40 cents the dozen, or $1,480 per season. The cost of pro- 
duction averages $250 per acre per season. An average net profit of 
more than $1,200 per acre per season. Other less extensive planters 
are obtaining proportionate results. 

Onions — Average yield per acre, 30,000 pounds. Average selling 
price, $2 per 100 pounds. Cost of production, average, $125 per acre. 
Net profit per acre, $475.00. 

Sweet Potatoes. 
Average yield 400 
bushels to the acre. 
Average selling price, 
$1.25 per bushel Cost 
of production, aver- 
age, per acre, $75. 
Net profit per acre, 
$425.00. 

Cabbages — Aver- 
age yield per acre per 
season, 30,000 pounds, 
Average selling price 
$1.50 per 100 pounds. 

Average cost of pro- Santa re Tie Treating Plant at Albuquerque 




20 The central RIO GRANDE VAIvLEY 

duction, per acre, $100.00. Net profit per acre, per season, 
$350.00. 

Cauliflower — Average yield per acre, 20,000 pounds. Average 
selling price per 100 pounds, $1.50. Cost of production, $100 per acre. 
Net profit per acre, $200. 

Beans — Average yield per acre, per season, 5,000 pounds. Average 
selling price 5 cents per pound. Average cost of production per acre 
per season, $50. Net profit per acre per season, $200. 

Turnips, Carrots and Parsnips — These produce an average of 
30,000 pounds each to the acre. The average selling price ranges from 
$1.00 to $1.50 per 100 pounds. The average cost of production is $50.00 
per acre and the average net profit from $200.00 to $250.00 per acre. 

Mangoe Peppers — Average yield, 6,000 pounds per acre per season. 
Average selling price, per pound, 6 cents. Cost of production, average 
per acre, $100.00. Net profits per acre. $260.00. 

Mexican Chile — Average yield per acre, dried (red chile) 4.000 
pounds. Average selling price 10 cents per pound. Cost of production, 
$50.00 per acre. Net profit per acre, per season, $350.00. 

It may be seen from the few averages given above that the Central 
Rio Grande Valley offers a wide lattitude in the selection of very pro- 
fitable crops. These averages, except where noted, are not from the 
gardens of anyone especially prepared grower, but have been taken from 
the results given by a number of successful farmers and gardners who 
have given close attention and hard work to intensive cultivation of the 
land. Bearing apple and peach orchards in this valley will produce an 
average net profit, under careful tending, of from $650.00 to $900.00 
per acre. 

The figures given have been carefully averaged and may be easily 
confirmed. 

Dairying and poultry growing are industries as yet only partially 
d^eloped in this valley and offering a wide field for profitable labor and 
investment. The ten or twelve large dairies in the vicinity of Albuquer- 

(jue are all money makers, yet Albu- 
DAIRYING AND POULTRY querque ships in seventy-five per cent 

of the butter it consumes. Albuquerque 
also ships in from sixty to eighty-five per cent of its eggs and poultry. 
Several large poultry farms have already pro\'en successful and the 
business offers special inducements. 

IRRIGATION OUTSIDE THE Inigation in the three counties des- 

RIO GRANDE VALLEY "^^'^'^ V^''V-''f '' 1'^ ';^,"^^^"^.f°"- 

fined to the Rio Grande Valley. 1 here 
arc a number of exceptionally practicable opportunities for private ir- 
rigation enterprises and several of these have already been taken ad- 
\'antage of by energetic men and corporations. The Rio Puerco, which 



THE CENTRAI. RIO GRANDE \^\EEEY 



21 



flows through western Bernahllo and through Valencia county, carries 
sufficient water to irrigate all the land along its course, a very large 
area. Thus far only a few small ditches have been taken out of this 
river, which will require capital to develop on account of the depth of 
the stream bed. Just now, however, an extensive colonization project 
is proposed on the Antonio Sedillo land grant, of 81,000 acres, which 
contemplates the building of a reservoir and an extensive canal system 
and which will transform this entire grant, lying along the river, into a 
fine farming district. The land, when watered will produce equally as 
fine crops as'can be produced in the Rio Grande X^alley. 

At Bluewater, in northwest Valencia county, a great irrigation reservoir 
and canal system has been constructed by the Bluewater Development Com- 




Scenes on the Bluewater Irrigation I'roject 



pany with offices in Albuquerque, which will irrigate 30,000 acres in the 
Bluewater and San Mateo valleys. This land is also very fertile and 
will produce all the crops that can be grown in the Rio Grande Valley. 
This project is now complete and the near future will see the growth 
of a flourishing farming community there, since the lands are to be sold 
in small tracts to bona fide farmers, at very reasonable prices and on 
easy terms. This project transforms what was until recently only sheep 
range, into the best of farming lands. 

In addition to these prgjects there are numercms small streams in the 
mountain districts where farming by irrigation is now being carried on 
and where there are splendid opportunities for development, with com- 
paratively small outlay of capital. The Jamez river is a fair example. 
The storage of flood water, which at certain seasons pours down the 
mountain canvons and arroyas to go to waste, offers another opportunity 
for successful development of small tracts. On of the most attractive 
ranches in Bernalillo county is at the base of Sandia Mountains where an 




The Bluewater Project, Western Valencia County 



THE CENTRAL RIO GRANDE VALEEY 23 

enterprising homesteader has built a dam across the outlet to one of the 
small canyons, thus storing sufficient water for the irrigation of his 
tract. All of the land in these three counties, in valleys or in mountain 
regions, will produce abundantly when water is applied. The so-called 
dry farming, or farming without irrigation has not been successfully at- 
tempted in this region, save in the higher altitudes. Over the rest of 
the region the rainfall on an annual average of forty years, is less than 10 
inches, while for successful dry farming 15 inches or more is needed. 

The numerous opportunities for irrigation by storage of flood water, 
or by pumping, now to be found, will within the next few years bring 
under cultivation a very large area outside the Rio Grande valley and 
will become an important factor in the productivity of the region. 

Although not so great as in other sections of New Mexico there is a 
vast area of public land open to entry under the homestead and desert 
land laws in the three counties. These lands, however, are scattered, and 

careful personal investigation is necessary 
PUBLIC LANDS OPEN to find the desirable tracts. In connection 
TO FMTRY '^^^^^ ^^^^^^ °P^" lands, the possibilities for 

I U tIM I ttl development through storage of flood water 

and pumping are very important. There are many locations in each of 
the three counties where a water supply may be developed by one or the 
other means. 

In all three counties the desirable lands along the water courses have 
long since been taken up, are held in private ownership, in private land 
grants or Indian land grants. The homesteader in this region must leave 
the beaten paths and strike out into the less developed sections, where, 
with industry and perseverance he is fairly sure to find a desirable home. 

The acreage of public land open to entry in the three counties is ap- 
proximately as follows : Acres 

200.000 
Bernalillo county 700 000 

• Sandoval county OOo'oOO 

Valencia county i.uuu.uuu 

In Bernalillo county the chief public land area is in the extreme west- 
ern part and on the broad mesa east of the Rio Grande. In Sandoval 
county the public land open to entry lies chiefly in the mountain districts 
of the central and northwestern portions. In Valencia county there is a 
vast area of public land in the western portion, although for forty miles 
north and forty miles south of the right-of-way, the Santa Fe railroad 
owns the odd numbered sections or alternate sections under the terms of 
the old government grant to the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad Company. 
This land, now chiefly valuable for grazing, is being prospected for arte- 
sian water and a strong artesian flow has been discovered at Suwanee, 
forty miles west of Albuquerque where one well has been brought in. 
Extensive drilling is now being done to develop the artesian area. In the 
event that the proven area is large, another great irrigated district will be 
added to the region, since the water has been found suitable for irrigation 



*:, 




Intersection of Second St 





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mf ' 


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tiome Tyii 




and Gold Avenue, Albuquerque 




Reeildenveii 



26 THE CKNTRAIv RIO GRANDE VAELEY 

purposes. There has been a rush of land hunters to the district and 
practically all vacant public land in the immediate vicinity of the well 
has been filed upon. The railroad, however, in the event of development 
of an extensive artesian water supply, will probably put its vast holdings 
on the market at low prices. 

Some idea of the vast area of the three counties described herein is 
had from the fact that they constitute about one-twelfth of the whole 
area of New Mexico. New Mexico's total area is 122,000 square miles. 
The total area of these three counties is 10,785 square miles. The area 
is divided as follows : 

County. Sq. Miles. Acres. 

Bernalillo 1,240 793,600 

Sandoval 3,833 2,453,120 

Valencia 5,712 3,655,680 

Total 10,785 6,902,400 

Of this area of approximately 7,000,000 acres, 1,900,000 acres are 
open to entry under the United States land laws; 541,456 are within 
Pueblo Indian land grants; 1,623,172.97 are within the Spanish or 
Mexican land grants, which have been confirmed by the United States 
court of private land claims (Grants made by the Spanish or Mexican 
governments, prior to the American Occupation, and since confirmed by 
Congress). The remainder, approximately 3,000,000 acres, is held in 
private ownership, within the Santa Fe railroad grants, and within three 
national forests, the Jemez, in Northeast Sandoval county, the Manzano 
No. 1, in Eastern Bernalillo and Valencia and the Manzano No. 2, or 
Mt. Taylor in Northern Valencia. 

As has been said, of the more than half a million acres of land in the 
three counties now held in Pueblo Indian grants, much of the agricultural 
land will eventually be opened to cultivation by American farmers. For 
iMniAM lAMnc AMH the present, howevcr, the land cau neither 

MMUIAIM LAIMUb AIMU ^^ ^^i^ ^or leased and lies idle, save for 

PRIVATE LAND GRANTS ^^''^ small portion cultivated or used as 

pasture by the Indians. More than 
a million and a half of acres in the three counties are within 
private land grants and much of this land also lies in the Rio 
Grande valley. At one time these grants were a serious obstacle 
to the development of the country. Many of them, however, have 
now been partitioned, or are in course of partition by the courts; 
several have been purchased outright by individuals or corporations who 
are selling them off in small tracts, as in the case of the Antonio Sedillo 
grant on the Rio Puerco, or holding them for an advance in land values. 
Since their confirmation by the United States court of private land 
claims, absolutely clear title to all of these grants can be given, and they 
are rapidly breaking up, being now rather a stimulant toward than an 
influence against rapid development. The history of these land grants is 
of intense interest and could be made to fill several large volumes. Some 






m 



h**t>i-'^f<f ■n.-"W 







28 The central rio grande valley 

of them on partition have been found to have hundreds of owners, one or 
two having had more than two thousand claimants, heirs of the original 
grantees. Some of them contain valuable farming land, others, as in the 
case of those in the mountain regions, contain fine tracts of timber, while 
others are valuable for grazing. These grants will play an important 
part in the immediate future development of this region. 

The following table shows tlie list of confirmed grants within the 
three counties. Those marked XX have been partitioned, or in other 
words, are in condition for sale with reliable title; those marked R are 
wholly or in part within the Rio Grande valley; those marked P are 
Avholly or in part in the Rio Puerco valley. Those marked M are in the 
mountain regions: 

BERNALILLO COUNTY 
Grant. Acres. 

Town of Chilili 27,800. OOM 

Canon de Carnue 2,000 . 59M 

Canada de los Apache.s 40,000 . OOM 

Canada de los Alamos 200. OOM 

Town of Atrisco 82,728 . 72R 

Town of Albuquerque 12,110 . OOR 

Elena Gallegos 35,084 . 78R 

Pajarito 28,724. 22R 

El Ranchito 4,945 . 24R 

San Pedro 10, 000. OOM 

Town of Alameda 25,600 . OOR 

Antonio Sedillo (part) 1,800. OOP. XX 

Lo de Padilla 2,500 . OOR 

Bernabe M. Montano 14,070. 66P 

Total 14 grants 287,564.21 

SANDOVAL COUNTY 
Grant. Acres 

Town of Tejon 12,801 . 46M.XX 

Baca Location No. 1 99,289. 39M.XX 

Ojo del Espiritu Santo 113,141 . 15M.XX 

Town of San Ysidro 11,476 . 68M.XX 

Canon de San Diego 116,286 . 89M.XX 

San Antonio de los LTertas 4,763. 85M 

Canada de Cochiti 19,112 . 78M.XX 

San Fernando and San Bias 44,070.66M 

Ojo de Borrego 16,079. 80R 

Pena Blanca 585. 66R 

Town of Alameda 6 3, 7 46. OOR 

Town of Bernalillo 3.404.67R 

Angostura 1.579. 48M 

Ignacio Chaves 23,629 . 30XX.M 

S. and S. Montoya 2,967 . 57M.XX 

Nuestra Senora de la T.uz 47,196 . 49M.XX 

Agua Salada 1 0,693 . 98M. XX 

Ojo de San Jose 4,336. 91M. XX 

Santa Rosa de Cubero 1.945. 50M.R 

Pedro Sanchez 16, 300. OOM 

San Pedro 13,914. 76M 

Cebolleta , 28,000 . OOM.XX 

Caja de Rio 25,000 . OOR. XX 

Canada de los Alamos 200. OOM.XX 

La Majada 32,404 . lOM.XX 

Earnebe M. Montano 30,000 . OOP. XX 

Total 26 grants 742,917 . 08 



THE CENTRAL RIO GRANDE VALLEY 



29 



VALENCIA COUNTY 
Grant. Acres. 

San Clemente 37,099 . 29M 

Town of Cubero 16,490 . 94M 

Casa Colorado 59,000 . OOR 

Town of Tome 121,594 . 53R 

Town of Belen 73,000 . OOR 

Town of Cebolleta 123,567 . 92M. XX 

Canada de los Apaches 46,249 . 09M 

San Mateo Springs 1,750. OOM.XX 

Antonio Sedillo 18,254 . 14P.XX 

Lo de Padilla 49,440. 82R 

Nicolas Duran de Cliaves 46,244.94R 

Total 11 grants 592,691 .68 

Following is a list of the Pueblo Indian land grants and reservations 
within the three counties. Those marked R lie wholly or in part in the 
Rio Grande valley : 

Pueblo. Area. County. 

Jeinez 17,510 Sandoval 

Acoma 95,792 Valencia 

San Felipe 34, 767. R Sandoval 

Cochiti 24,276 Sandoval 

Santo Domingo 74, 743. R Sandoval 

Sia 17,515 Sandoval 

Sandia 24, 187. R Sandoval 

Isleta 110,080. R Bernalillo 

Laguna 125,225 Valencia 

Santa Ana 17,361 Sandoval 



Total area 541,456 




St. Joseph'ij .Suuitariuiu, Albuquerque 




Bernalillo County, Its History and Population 

With a Brief Sketch of the City of Albuquerque 

ERNALILLO COUNTY in area is the smallest, and in 
assessed valuation the richest county in New Mexico. 
Its high property valuation results from the rapidly ad- 
vancing values of Albuquerque real estate and the rich 
farming lands surrounding. The county was one of the 
original divisions when New Mexico was created into 
a territory, extending from Texas to the western boun- 
dary. It has frequently yielded portions of its territory 
for the creation of new counties and the newer counties 
of McKinley, Torrance and Sandoval were created 
largely from its area. The location of the county may 
be readily traced upon the accompanying outline map 
of the region. Population has increased rapidly within 
the past five years and is now estimated at between 30,000 and 35,000, of 
which 25,000 live within a radius of five miles of the center of the city 
of Albuquerque. 

The county seat is the historic village of Old Albuquerque, named 
for the Duke of Albuquerque, and one of the first settlements established 
by the Spaniards in the Rio Grande valley, the Church of San Felipe 
de Neri, part of the original construction of which is preserved, dating 
from 1778. While not included in the city limits, the old village is now 
to all intents a part of the vigorous young city which has grown up to 
overshadow it, the county court house in the old town being but ten 
minutes by street car from the business center of Albuquerque. 

ALBUQUERQUE Albuquerque is the central trade mart not only of 
the Central Rio Grande valley, but of all New 
Mexico. Occupyifig, as it does, a commanding position in almost the 
geographical center of the territory, with direct rail connection with all 
sections, it is recognized as the chief distributing market between Denver 
and Los Angeles. Its rapidly growing wholesale interests cover all 
staple and many special lines and reach out over a trade territory from 
Colorado to Mexico and from East 
Texas to the California border. Its 
manufacturing interests, already large, 
are steadily increasing. Its population 
is aggressive, enterprising and public 




A Group of Typical District Schools, Bernalillo County 



THE CE:nTRAL RIO GRANDE VALLEY 



31 



spirited and the city is advancing with surprising rapidity both in wealth, 
extent and importance of its business interests and in population. The 
recent completion of the Santa Fe's new transcontinental line from Belen 
to Texico on the Texas border has opened to Albuquerque the most 
rapidly advancing section of Eastern New Mexico ; while since the found- 
ing of the city its trade relations with the districts north, south and west 
have been close. The population now within the city limits does not 
exceed 15,000; but within a radius of five miles of the center of the city 
lives a population of not less than 25,000. So rapidly is this population 
increasing that the census of 1910 will show not less than 30,000 people 
within this area. Its location has made Albuquerque the "Chief City of 
a New Empire in the Great Southwest", and that same location and the 
enterprise and hustle of its people will keep it so. 

Albuquerque is the central market for the Rio Grande valley and the 
rapidly developing farming interests of this region alone, would suffice 
to buiid up a city. It is the central wool and live stock market of New 
Mexico. Approximately 7,000,000 pounds of wool are scoured each 
year at the Albuquerque mills and as much more handled by merchants 
and commission men from Albuquerque, while hundreds of thousands of 
sheep and lambs pass through the Albuquerque stock yards with each 
shipping season. It is the central lumber manufacturing point in the 
Southwest, the huge mills 
of the American Lumber 
Company employing 2,000 
men in mills and forests and 
having a capacity per day of 
350,000 feet of sawed lum- 
ber, turning out also 100,- 
000 feet of mouldings, 
100,000 feet of box shook, 
1,500 doors, 2,000 windows, 
60,000 shingles and 70,000 
laths. Woolen mills with 
capacity to handle a large 
portion of New Mexico's 
great wool crop are located 
at Albuquerque, as are 
flouring mills, artificial 
stone, brick, tile and cement 
manufacturing plants, iron 
works, the principal ma- 
chine and repair and car 
shops of the coast line sys- 
tem of the Santa Fe rail- 
road, the Santa Fe's enor- 
mous tie and timber treat- 
ing plant, and numerous BemalUlo county court House 




32 



THE CENTRAL RIO GRANDE VALLEY 



smaller manufacturing plants which swell the city's total annual payroll 
from this source to surprising figures. There are four strong banks with 
combined resources of six million dollars, thirty wholesale establishments, 
many of them housed in handsome buildings and a strong retail com- 
munity, with modern, attractive stores and markets. In a word, Albu- 
querque is a vigorous , growing southwestern city, proud of its record, 
certain of its future; a future that holds out so much of promise that 
Albuquerque real estate climbs steadily higher, without inflation of 
values, but with a steady advance based upon firmly established 
conditions. 

The city has much of public spirit and civic pride. Its local govern- 
ment is clean and economical, its police regulations good, its social 
conditions excellent. There are forty miles of graded streets upon the 
improvement of which thousands of dollars are now being expended, 
while paving contracts are to be let at once for the retail business district. 
Engineers are now drawing the plans for a complete new sewer system, 
adequate for a city of 75,000 and capable of extension at will. There 
are miles o! residence streets, lined with handsome homes, shaded by 

mighty trees that on many 
streets form archways for block 
after block, with twenty-five 
miles of cement sidewalks. The 
Albuquerque Commercial Club 
occupies a $100,000 three story 
brown stone club building, and 
has a membership of 350. Plans 
are now approved for a new 
city hall. The government has 
under construction a federal 
building at a cost of $130,000. 
iov the use of the post ofiice, 
United States court for the sec- 
ond district of New Mexico. 
United States marshal for New- 
Mexico and other federal offi- 
cials who have headquarters in 
the city. The Albuquerque 
post office with receipts for the 
fiscal year ending June 30, 
1908, of $44,000 is now a first 
class office, the receipts having 
doubled since 1901 and show- 
ing a 15 per cent increase over 
the previous year. The citizens, 
aided by an appropriation from 
the territory have completed a 
Albuquerque Homes $25,000 amiory and convention 




THE CENTRAL RIO GRANDE VAI,I,EY 



33 



hall with seating capacity for 4,000, built especially to accommodate the 
Sixteenth National Irrigation Congress, September 29, 1908, but so 
constructed as to stand as a permanent convention hall for years to come. 
The city has a handsome three story public library building, a fine park 
system, now being extended and improved, a $75,000 theater. Masonic 
temple. Woman's club, while all of the larger fraternal societies are 
housed in commodious lodge rooms or halls. There are fine hotels, in- 
cluding the picturesque Alvarado, built by the Santa Fe railroad for 
Harvey management, at a cost of $200,000. The city has a well equipped 
fire department, with two stations and a force of fifteen firemen and the 
public utilities, water, gas, electric light and power and trolley car sys- 
tem are thoroughly adequate. The city has long distance telephone con- 
nection with the entire Southwest and the local exchange is housed in a 
$40,000 modern exchange building. There are ten passenger trains 
daily, north, east, south and west, over the Santa Fe's several lines while 
a second railroad is under construction. 

Albuquerque is well fitted for the care of the constantly increasing 
army of invalids and sufferers from consumption who now find their way 



to new Mexico each year, 
the coast lines and St. Joseph's 
sanitarium, a fine institution 
built at a cost of $100,000, are 
the larger hospitals now in 
operation, while the great 
southwestern sanitarium for 
tuberculosis, being built by the 
Presbyterian church has been 
located at Albuquerque and is 
under construction. There are 
several well equipped private 
sanitaria and health resorts. 

The city has fifteen churches 
and a Jewish congregation, oc- 
their own buildin 
of them bein 



The Santa Fe's 



general 



hospital for 



crc 

new 



cupymg 
several 

buildings of attractive architec- 
ture, while the Immaculate 
Conception Catholic parish has 
completed plans, with funds 
available, for a handsome new 
church. 

The city is justly proud of 
its educational facilities. The 
University of New Mexico, 
supported by the territory, 
occupies a magnificent site on 
the edge of the mesa overlook- 




AibuQuerque Homes 



34 



THE CENTRAL RIO GRANDE VALLEY 





! 




'- .. 






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""" 


-i 


»: 




:,■;:- 




- 




















. 





Convention Hall a I Albuqiiertiiie 



ing the city, occupying mod- 
ern buildings and equipped 
for thoroughly effective work. 
It is a strong, well managed 
institution rapidly taking its 
place as one of the able higher 
educational institutions of the 
West. The city's public school 
system is splendid. It occu- 
pies five large two story, mod- 
ern buildings, while a sixth 
will be constructed within a 
short time to meet the demands of the enrollment, now about 1,800. Fifty 
teachers are employed at salaries ranging from $60 to $125 per month. 
There are special instructors in art and music and a manual training 
department is the next extension determined upon. Many farmers in the 
Rio Grande valley place their children in the Albuquerque public schools 
and it is possible for the pupil to go from the grammar school through 
the full university course without leaving home and at practically 
no expense. 

In addition to the public school system there are a number of fine 
private schools including St. Vincent's academy for young women, the 
Immaculate Conception school for boys and girls, a business college, the 
Menaul Mission school, under direction of the Presbyterian church, the 
Harwood home for girls and the Harwood school for boys, under direc- 
tion of the Methodist Episcopal church, and a United States Indian 
school representing an expenditure by the government of $250,000, and 
one of the principal schools in the government 
system. Brief as this sketch has been, it is 
easy to recognize the value of Albuquerque as 
a market, its substantial trade position and its 
usefulness to the man who purposes to place 
on the market the products of land in the 
Central Rio Grande valley. The farmer has 
immediately accessible a satisfactory consuming 
and distributing market; a progressive, fully 
equipped growing community 
with whose future his own will 
be quite safe. 

There are no important set- 
tlements in Bernalillo county 
outside of Albuquerque and its 
suburbs. A few small villages 
up and down the river and a 
few settlements in the moun- 
tains making up the list of 

post offices. Water Works Plant 



Telephone Exchange 




Sandoval County, Its History, Population 
and Settlements 




ANDOVAL COUNTY is one of the newer divis- 
ions of the territory. It was created by the legis- 
lature of 1903 chiefly from Bernalillo county. 
Much of that portion of the county lying outside 
the Rio Grande valley is without railroad com- 
munication and has not yet begun to develop as it 
will undoubtedly develop when it's vast natural 
resources of mine and forest and range become 
more widely known. The population of the 
county is about 12,000, living chiefly along the Rio Grande and in the 
Jemez mountain region. Bernalillo, the county seat, is on the Santa Fe 
railroad and the Rio Grande, 18 miles north of Albuquerque and is one 
of the oldest towns in New Mexico. It has several large mercantile 
establishments, a large flouring mill and is surrounded by a very fertile 
farming district, making it an important shipping point, while it is the 
railroad station for the famous Jemez mineral springs and for the stage 
lines which traverse the county to the north and northwest. 

Domingo, on the Santa Fe, north of Bernalillo is the shipping point 
for one of the large lumber manufacturing companies of the region while 
at Hagan, east of Bernalillo are the most important coal mines in Central 
New Mexico to which a railroad is now building. Other important set- 
tlements are at Jemez, the post ofiice for the Jemez hot springs ahd the 
important grazing and timber country surrounding. Cabezon and Cuba 
are in the sheep growing district. These postoffices are reached by stage 
from Bernalillo. 




Looking Across the Jemez Valley, Sandoval County 




Valencia County, an Inland Empire 

ITH its great area and vast natural resources, Val- 
encia county is one of the most important in New 
Mexico. Its farming, mining, lumbering and stock 
growing interests, already large, open tremendous 
possibilities of development. The county was one of 
the original divisions on creation of the territory, 
and has suffered little from the creation of new 
divisions. Its present population is about 16,000, but the growing town of 
Belen and important development enterprises along the Rio Grande and in 
the western sections of the county will double this population within the next 
five years. Los Lunas, the county seat, is one of the oldest settlements of the 
whole valley. A fine court house is located there, a large flouring mill and 
several large mercantile establishments which do 
an extensive business with the rich farming region 
surrounding. 

Belen, the largest town in the county, is rapidly 
taking its place as one of the most important 
towns in New Mexico, As the junction point of 
the Santa Fe's north and south and east and 
west lines across the territroy, it has assumed im- 
portance as a railroad center and is enjoying rapid 
and substantial growth as a result. One of the 
largest mercantile establishments in New Mexico, the John Becker Com- 
pany, makes its headquarters at Belen, while the largest flouring mill in 
the territory is located there. It is the shipping point for the southern 
portion of the Central valley and has tributary to it one of the most 
productive regions in New Mexico. 




An Indian Truck Gardner 
Bluewater Valley 




Church and Chapel at Belen 



38 



THE CENTRAL RIO GRANDE VALEEY 




Main Canal, Bluewater 
Project 



The population of Belen is now about 2,000 
having doubled in two years. The town main- 
tains a prosperous commercial club, occupying 
its own building, has adequate banking facili- 
ties and an excellent public school system. The 
New Mexico Home for Orphans is located 
there, also the Felipe Chaves School for Girls. 
The town is well located, laid out on modern 
plans, and with its energetic, progressive popu- 
lation and splendid railroad facilities is destined 
to become one of 
the most import- 
ant towns in 
the Rio Grande 



valley. Peralta, in the Rio Grande valley, 
and Laguna on the Santa Fe in the north- 
western portion of the county, each has a 
flouring mill and prosperous mercantile houses, 
while other important settlements are Bibo, 
Bluewater, Casa Blanca, Copperton, Cubero, 
Grants, Kettner in the lumber region, Jarales, 
San Mateo, Seama, Seboyeta and Tome. 

All towns in the Central Rio Grande val- 
ley are connected by long distance telephone 
and many farmers now have rural telephone 
service. 




Looking Across the 
Bluewater Valley 




The John Becker Store, Belen 




The Livestock Industry, Sheep, Wool, Cattle 

and Stock Feeding 

OMING next to agriculture, the live stock in- 
dustry is most important in this region. The 
vast reaches of public domain in Northern and 
Western Sandoval county and Western Valen- 
cia county afford an ideal range for sheep, the 
mild winters making shelter unnecessary, save 
in the higher mountain regions where the herds 
never go save for the summer pasture. Hun- 
dreds of thousands of sheep are now grazing in 
this region and the high prices paid for wool and the even higher prices 
paid for lambs during the past few years have placed the industry upon 
a very substantial basis. The public domain, however ,is now supporting 
about all it will stand, according to grazing experts, the allotments for 
grazing on forest reserves are full and unless he is in a position to control 
a home ranch with abundant water rights, there is not a great deal of 
inducement to the newcomer to embark in the industry, unless he buys 
out some established grower. This, so long as the present large profits 
continue, is not a common opportunity. The industry, however, is being 
extended. The tendency is to improve the herds and reduce the number, 
thus keeping up the weight of the fleece and the lamb while reducing the 
burden on the range. 

While there is not much inducement for embarking in sheep growing 
on the range, unless under the conditions outlined above, there is a very 
favorable opening for another branch of the industry in sheep feeding 

for market. Alfalfa makes an ideal food, while the 
SHEEP FEEDING introduction of sugar beets adds another important 

food product. Hundreds of thousands of lambs 
are shipped out of New ]\Iexico every years to feed lots in Colorado, 
Kansas and further east where the feeders make large profits on the 
Kansas City and Chicago markets. Men who have studied the industry 
assert that these lambs could be fed to weight and placed on the market 
as economically from the Central Rio Grande valley as from the feed 
lots further north and east. Indeed, it is asserted that lambs fed in this 
valley would go into condition earlier, and at less cost, avoiding the double 
shipment and having the advantage of a milder climate during the feeding- 
season. The Colorado feeder usually has to buy his feed. The Central 
Rio Grande feeder could easily grow his own feed. Successful experi- 
ments have already been made in this industry and it is certain of im- 
mediate extension. 

The same conditi()ns are true as to hogs, although comparatively few 
are grown in this valley. Three-fourths of the hogs killed at local pack- 
ing houses are shipped in from the East. 



40 



THE CENTRAL RIO GRANDE VALLEY 




Sheep Scene in the Central Valley 

Owing to the large profits from sheep, cattle growing has received 
comparatively little attention in this region. The country, generally 
speaking, is better adapted to sheep than to cattle and the latter industry, 
with the steady restriction of the range, will never be extensively fol- 
lowed. Large herds of native goats are grown in the region. The 
winter climate of the mountains has been found too severe for successful 
growing of Angoras. 



THE mining industry in the three counties has received surprisingly 
little attention when it is recalled that there are vast areas in the 
mountain districts where prospecting and surface indications point 
to large and very rich ore bodies. Lack of transportation has had much 
to do with retarding this industry. With cheap transportation this region 

will become one of the most important 
THE MINING INDUSTRY mining districts of the West. In one or 

, two districts high values have been proven, 
while others are now receiving attention from investors who are pro- 
ceeding with development upon an extensive scale. 

Most important among the districts where values have been estab- 
lished is that around Bland in the Cochiti mountains of Sandoval county. 
Bitter and extended litigation has done more than any other cause to 
retard this district which has already produced hundreds of thousands of 
dollars in high grade ore. The Albemarle group with a main shaft 700 
feet deep, has produced $667,500 in gold and silver, while the Lone Star, 
Washington, Crown Point and half a dozen other properties have been 
heavy producers. 

The Nacimiento district, in the northern extension of the Jemez 



THE CENTRAL RIO GRANDE VALLEY 41 

range, Sandoval county, has shown high values in copper and a large 
reduction plant has been constructed there. The district also carries 
extensive coal deposits. The Placitas district on the northern slope of 
the Sandia range has been extensively prospected and several good prop- 
erties located. Vast deposits of almost pure marketable sulphur are 
found in the vicinity of the Jemez and Sulphur Springs in the Jemez 
mountains, here a small sulphur refinery has been established. 

At Hagan, Sandoval county, are the most important coal deposits in 
Central New Mexico. This is a good steam, coking and domestic coal and 
will soon be on the market, a branch of the New Mexico Central railroad 
being under construction to the mines, while another branch, under con- 
struction to Albuquerque will give the whole central valley a cheap fuel 
supply. Coal is encountered along the Rio Puerco in Valencia county 
and in Western Bernalillo, while large deposits have been marked out 
by surface indications in Western Valencia county. Enough prospecting 
has been done to insure for Sandoval county a future as one of the great 
mineral producing counties of New Mexico, and to a lesser extent de- 
velopment has established high values in Bernalillo county, the chief 
districts being in the canyons of the Manzano and Sandia ranges east of 
Albuquerque where in Tijeras, Coyote, and Hell conyons placer gold has 
been found, while thick veins of high grade lead ore are now being de- 
veloped with every indication of large and profitable production. 

Valencia county, while rich in minerals, is thus far the least developed 
portion of the region. Gold, silver, copper, and iron ores are known to 
exist in large bodies, while sulphur, lithographic stone, gypsum, fire clay, 
pumice stone, ochre, cement, salt and coal are found in almost limitless 
quantities. The county is a veritable storehouse, waiting only for capital 
and transportation to open its doors. The whole region is one offering 
alluring invitation to the prospector and investor. 

THE lumber industry is the growth of the past few years, dating 
from the purchase of the Mitchell tract of 300,000 acres of white 
pine timber in Western Valencia county by the American Lumber 
Company, manufacturing the product at Albuquerque. In addition to 
this tract, which it holds in fee, the company has acquired the right to cut 

timber on a considerable extent of ad- 
THE LUMBER INDUSTRY joining land lying chiefly in the Zuni 

mountains and it has standing timber 
sufficient to keep its Albuquerque mills running at present capacity, for 
thirty years. Seevral smaller mills are in operation in this regi6n and 
the industry has become one of the most important in New Mexico. 

In the Jemez mountains of Sandoval county stands a vast area of the 
finest timber in the West. Much of it is within the Jemez national forest. 
Timber marked for cutting, however may be obtained and several large 
contracts have already been made, a large saw mill having been estab- 



42 



THE CENTRAL RIO GRANDE VALLEY 



lished near Domingo, by the Domingo Lumber Company with ojffices in 
Albuquerque. Large tracts of saw timber in the Jemez region are also 
held in land grants and private ownership, most of these tracts being 
held for higher prices. They will furnish the timber supply of the region 
for the future. The Rio Grande Tie and Timber Company is another 
corporation operating to some extent in Sandoval county, although its 
timber lands lie chiefly in Rio Arriba county to the north. The logs and 
hewn ties are driven down the Rio Grande at flood time to Domingo, the 
sliipping point. The first big drive was made during the flood season 
of 1908. 




Typical Forest Scenes in Pine Forests of Jemez Mountains 



The Climate of the Central Rio Grande Valley 

In Its Relation to the Treatment of Tuberculosis and Diseases of 
the Throat and Lungs 

By JAMES H. WROTH, M. O. 




1 

HROI GH the many years while the United Statp ■ 
had troops stationed throughout New Mexico it 
was discovered that the Rio Grande valley pre- 
sented an unusual ])rotection against tubercular 
troubles. Long before the time of scientific in- 
vestigation as to cause and effect these facts were 
brought to the attention of the army surgeons of 
the various posts and Central New Mexico was 
regarded as the favored spot to which tubercular 
troubles should be sent with the highest proba- 
bility of permanent relief. All this w^as recognized before the causation of 
tuberculosis had been diagnosed by the microscope. The works of 
Barthohv, Bertelej:te and Smart had conclusively proven that there was 
something in the Rio Grande valley which exercised an inhibitory or 
restraining eft'ect upon the cause of tuberculosis and these facts were rec- 
ognized long before any satisfactory explanation of their existence could 
be given. 

It is now uniformly conceded that sunlight and dryness are at least 
potent factors, if not the main factors, in the curative process against the 
White Scourge, which attracts so much attention at present. Coincident 
with the discovery of the cause of tuberculosis (the bacillus) the United 
States government caused to be issued a resume of the weather observa- 
tions made at the various posts of the United States ami}- in New Mexico. 
These posts have long since been abandoned, but fortunately for the 
medical profession ancl the world at large, the obser\ations have been 
kept up by voluntary disinterested observers, until we have, all over the 
territory observations ranging over a sufficient term of years to make 
them of practical value. The compilation of thirty-five years of observa- 
tion proves that the ten-inch rainfall belt coming westward through 
Texas, extends a long, narrow prolongation north, within the Rio Grande 
valley as far as Embudo, New Mexico. This prolongation is nowhere 
more than twenty-five miles wide and is confined absolutely between the 
mountain ranges bordering the Rio Grande on the east and west. 

Within the finger-like projection there exists an isolated ''island" of 
dryness extending from Bernalillo on the north to Sabinal on the south. 
of which "island" Albuquerque is the geographical center. This "island" 
is 25 to 50 per cent drier than any other part of the ten-inch rainfall belt. 

Here we have the scientific solution of the facts recognized long ago, 
that Central New Mexico is better prepared, better equipped by nature to 
provide for the care and treatment of tuberculosis than any other part of 



44 THE CENTRAL RIO GRANDE VALLEY 

New Mexico, even though all other sections of this territory are recog- 
nized as far better than eastern and northern locations. 

Whether Providence in its wisdom selected this particular section, or 
whether geological formations have been such as to cause it, the fact 
remains that through the counties of Sandoval, Bernalillo and Valencia 
in the center of the Rio Grande valley there exists a section of the country 
which presents tlie minimum of rainfall and the maximum of sunshine as 
compared with the entire United States. 

Sanitarians may speculate as they please as to why this occurs. Rec- 
ords are the facts upon which opinions are based and when the records 
and the results of residence coincide, there is formed a combination hard 
to beat and one which cannot be controverted. 

No attention has been given in this article to the number of people 
benefited, cured or relieved. This can be easily proven by United States 
army records and by the general experience of competent physicians who 
have not only traveled but lived in this section. 

In conclusion, the special benefit attached to the three counties that 
contain the Central Rio Grande valley, is to be found in climatic condi- 
tions, the maximum percentage of sunshine and minimum of rainfall, 
proven by over forty years of observation. Here is a narrow area of 
dryness and sunlight, forty miles long and not over five miles wide, of 
which Albuquerque is the center, presenting absolutely ideal conditions 
for the successful arresting of tuberculosis. It behooves us to utilize this 
great natural sanitarium for the benefit of those afflicted with the 
White Scourge. 



In addition to the large and thoroughly equipped sanitaria in Albu- 
querque, comfortable accommodations for healthseekers are found in the 
mountain resorts at Whitcomb Springs, Tijeras Canyon in the Sandia 

mountains and at the famous Jemez hot 
HOT AND MINERAL springs in the Jemez mountains of Sandoval 
oDDiivir'C county. These latter springs are, in medicinal 

ornlNbo and curative properties of the water, in loca- 

ls ^^LJ[^ RESORTS ^''-*'^ ^^^ magnificance of surrounding scenery, 

the most important in New Mexico. Even- 
tually they will become as famous as are the most highly valued medicinal 
springs of Europe. The springs are reached at present by stage from 
Bernalillo. Roomy and well kept hotels have been constructed, together 
with fairly well equipped bath houses and the springs are becoming more 
popular each year with pleasure seekers and healthseekers. The springs 
are in two groups, known as the Jemez and the Sulphurs, or the upper 
and lower springs. The lower group of ten springs gives variations in 
temperature of from 94 to 168 degrees Fahrenheit. The latter temperature 
is the highest of the several groups of hot springs found in New Mexico. 
The springs are at an average altitude of 6,620 feet. The water of the 
largest and hottest spring flows about fifty gallons a minute with escap- 
ing carbonic acid gas and depositing white carbonate of lime. One spring 



46 



THE CENTRAL RIO GRANDE VALLEY 




Valle Grande, the Crown of Uie Jeniez Range, Sandoval County 



with temperature of 103 degrees Fahrenheit, carries free carbonic acid 
gas and its deposit is a reddish brown, while a third spring, temperature 
119 degrees Fahrenheit, is impregnated with sulphurated hydrogen and 
iron. The other springs carry sodium, lime and magnesium. The solid 
constituents are about .24 per one one hundred parts of water. 

The upper group, or Sulphur springs ,are two miles above the lower 
group at an altitude 'of 6,740 feet, temperature varying from 70 to 105 
degrees Fahrenheit. They flow from crevasses in the center of Sulphur 
Canyon. The waters are strongly impregnated with sulphur and resemble 
strongly those of Marienbad. The springs are both mud and vapor and 
their principal constituents are chloride of sodium, sulphate and carbonate 
of soda, lime and magnesium. They are especially effective in rheuma- 
tism and blood disorders. The solid constituents are .3726 to each one 
hundred parts of water. 

Commercially, the Coyote springs, in Coyote canyon, fourteen miles 
southeast of Albuquerque, are the most important in the region, the 
waters being sold, charged and uncharged, in large quantities. 

There are several important mineral springs in Valencia county, 
w^hich, because of tlieir inaccessibility have not yet received much atten- 
tion. They will become important with the developement of the region. 

In the mild and equable climate of the Central valley, the healthseeker, 
if he be not bed-ridden, can find comfort and the most healthful environ- 
ment in the so-called tent-house. The popular pattern is a board floor, 
walls of rough boards half way up, the remainder of walls and roof being 
of canvas, wnth a wide space between the top of the walls and the roof, to 
allow^ free circulation of air. There are hundreds of these tent houses 



The central RIO GRANDE VALLEY 



47 



around the suburbs of Albuquerque, many of them of three or more 
rooms, fitted with electric lights and water and as comfortable in every 
way as the average small cottage. The accommodations for healthseekers 
are being constantly enlarged and improved and while no especial effort 
is made to induce the sick to come to this region, the unequaled climate 
is the magnet which draws each year a constantly increasing number of 
those who need its beneficial influence. 

A considerable portion of the happy, prosperous population of this 
valley is made up of former invalids, men and women who have come 
in time. 

The Central Rio Grande valley and its adjacent territory offers special 
attractions to the tourist. Not only are its ancient adobe settlements of 
interest, but the Indian pueblos dotted along the Rio Grande from Santo 

Domingo to the typical Isleta village are 
THE INDIAN VILLAGES well worthy of a visit and careful study. 

The Jemez pueblo in Sandoval county, 
with its ancient church and mission, the Laguna village in Valencia 
county, with its nearby pueblo of Acoma and the Enchanted Mesa, are 
points to which tourists are flocking every year in steadily increasing 
numbers. The larger portion of the proposed Pajarito national park, 
with its wonderful cliff dwellings, lies in Northern Sandoval county. 
The village Indians are a peaceful, unobtrusive people, busying themselves 
with their farms and orchards, flocks and herds and with the pottery 
making from which they derive a considerable portion of their mea- 
ner income. 




Jemez Canyon, Jemez Hot Springs in Distance 



48 THE CENTRAL RIO GRANDE VALLEY 

DISTRICT SCHOOLS Much of the area of the three counties is thinly 

settled, particularly in Northern Sandoval and 
Western Valencia counties. District schools, however, are maintained in 
every district, employing capable teachers and having from five to nine 
months of school each year. These schools are thoroughly well con- 
ducted being part of the modern educational system of New Mexico, 
which now compares favorably with the school system of any state in 
the West. 

In conclusion, it should be said that the exceptional opportunities for 
the farmer, the homeseeker, the prospector and investor now found in this 
favored region, are not likely to go on for long. The Central Rio Grande 
valley and its adjacent region is enjoying its full por- 
CONCLUSION tion of the splendid period of development which, dur- 
ing the past few years, has been pushing all New 
Mexico to the front. Immigration is large. Capital, individual and cor- 
porate is busily investigating the opportunities of farm, mine and forest, 
while the demand for land in the Rio Grande valley has doubled within 
the past year. Under the present stimulus, prices are sure to advance and 
they may justly be advanced when the rapidly rising prices for irrigated 
lands in other less favored districts are recalled. The time to investi- 
gate is now. 

Here is a region ideal in its location as to market, ideal in its condi- 
tions as to climate, soil and water supply, having adjacent a vast region 
of mountain and plain certain of speedy development. That development 
has already set in. The men who are here within the next few years will 
be prepared to take advantage of the benefits of its flood tide. A hearty 
welcome awaits the farmer, the homeseeker, the prospector and investor 
from the people who have already found happy homes here. The surest 
way to be convinced of the advantages offered by the Central Rio Grande 
valley, is to come and see them. 

This book is published by authority of the Bureau of Immigration of New 
Mexico, an official body, the members of which are appointed by the Governor 
every two years and confirmed by the upper house of the legislature. Its duties are 
to encourage immigration, to furnish information to homeseekers and to use its 
best efforts to encourage development along all legitimate lines. The board as now 
constituted is: President, Joseph W. Bible, Silver City; Vice-President, C. E. 
Mason, Roswell; Treasurer, J. A. Haley, Carrizozo; D. A. Macpherson, Albuquerque; 
A. M. Edwards, Farmington; G. A. Fleming, East Las Vegas. Requests for infor- 
mation as to the region described in this book, or as to any section of New 
Mexico will receive prompt attention when addressed to the New Mexico Bureau of 
Immigration, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 



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